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| Julius Caesar |
Literary works
Caesar was considered during his lifetime to be one of the best orators and authors of
prose in Rome—even Cicero spoke highly of Caesar's rhetoric and style. Among his most
famous works were his funeral oration for his paternal aunt Julia and his Anticato, a
document written to blacken Cato's reputation and respond to Cicero's Cato
memorial. Unfortunately, the majority of his works and speeches have been lost to
history.
Memoirs
Other works historically attributed to Caesar, but whose authorship is doubted, are:
# De Bello Alexandrino (On the Alexandrine War), campaign in Alexandria;
# De Bello Africo (On the African War), campaigns in North Africa; and
# De Bello Hispaniensi (On the Hispanic War), campaigns in the Iberian peninsula. These
narratives, apparently simple and direct in style— to the point that Caesar's
Commentarii are commonly studied by first and second year Latin students— are highly
sophisticated advertisements for his political agenda, most particularly for the middle-
brow readership of minor aristocrats in Rome, Italy, and the provinces.
Military career
Historians place the generalship of Caesar as one of the greatest military strategists
and tacticians who ever lived, along with Alexander the Great, Sun Tzu, Hannibal,
Genghis Khan and Napoleon Bonaparte.
Name
Using the Latin alphabet as it existed in the day of Caesar (for example, without lower
case letters, "J", or "U"), Caesar's name is properly rendered "GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR". The
form "CAIVS" is also attested using the old Roman pronunciation of letter C as G; it's an
antique form of the more common "GAIVS". It is often seen abbreviated to "C. IVLIVS
CAESAR". (The letterform "Æ" is a ligature, which is often encountered in Latin
inscriptions where it was used to save space, and is nothing more than the letters "ae".)
In Classical Latin, it was . In the days of the late Roman Republic, many historical writings
were done in Greek, a language most educated Romans studied. Young wealthy
Roman boys were often taught by Greek slaves and sometimes sent to Athens for
advanced training, as was Caesar's principal assassin, Brutus. In Greek, during Caesar's
time, his family name was written Καίσαρ, reflecting its contemporary pronunciation.
Thus his name is pronounced in a similar way to the pronunciation of the German Kaiser.
This German name was phonemically but not phonetically derived from the Middle
Ages Ecclesiastical Latin, in which the familiar part "Caesar" is [ˈtʃeːsar], from which
the modern English pronunciation is derived, as well as the title of Czar.
His name is also remembered in Norse mythology, where he's manifested as the
legendary king Kjárr.
Family
Parents
# Father Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder
# Mother Aurelia (related to the Aurelia Cottae)
S
isters
# Julia Caesaris "Maior" (the elder)
# Julia Caesaris "Minor" (the younger)
Wives
# First marriage to Cornelia Cinnilla, from 83 BC until her death in childbirth in 69 or 68 BC
# Second marriage to Pompeia, from 67 BC until he divorced her around 61 BC
# Third marriage to Calpurnia Pisonis, from 59 BC until Caesar's death
Children
# Julia with Cornelia Cinnilla, born in 83 or 82 BC
# Caesarion, with Cleopatra VII, born 47 BC. He would become Pharaoh with the name
Ptolemy Caesar and was killed at age 17 by Caesar's adopted son Octavian
# Adopted: son, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (his great-nephew by blood), who later
became Emperor Augustus.
Grandchildren
# Grandson from Julia and Pompey, dead at several days, unnamed.
Lovers
# Cleopatra VII
# Servilia Caepionis mother of Brutus
# Eunoë, queen of Mauretania and wife of Bogudes
Notable relatives
# Gaius Marius (married to his Aunt Julia)
# Mark Antony
# Lucius Julius Caesar
# Julius Sabinus, a Gaul of the Lingones at the time of the Batavian rebellion of AD 69,
claimed to be the great-grandson of Caesar on the grounds that his great-
grandmother had been Caesar's lover during the Gallic war.
Chronology
Honours
Julius Caesar was voted the title Divus ("god") after his death.
During his life, he received many honours, including titles such as Pater Patriae (Father
of the Fatherland), Pontifex Maximus (Highest Priest), and Dictator. The many titles
bestowed on him by the Senate are sometimes cited as a cause of his assassination, as
it seemed inappropriate to many contemporaries for a mortal man to be awarded so
many honours.
As a young man he was awarded the Corona Civica (civic crown) for valour while
fighting in Asia Minor.
Caesar's cognomen would eventually become a title. The title became the German
Kaiser and Slavic Tsar/Czar. As the last tsar in nominal power was Simeon II of Bulgaria
whose reign ended in 1946; for two thousand years after Julius Caesar's assassination,
there was at least one head of state bearing his name. This title was greatly
promulgated by the Bible, for its famous verse "Render unto Caesar the things which are
Caesar’s, and unto God the things that are God’s".
Caesar was considered during his lifetime to be one of the best orators and authors of
prose in Rome—even Cicero spoke highly of Caesar's rhetoric and style. Among his most
famous works were his funeral oration for his paternal aunt Julia and his Anticato, a
document written to blacken Cato's reputation and respond to Cicero's Cato
memorial. Unfortunately, the majority of his works and speeches have been lost to
history.
Memoirs
- The Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Commentaries on the Gallic War), campaigns
in Gallia and Britannia during his term as proconsul; and - The Commentarii de Bello Civili (Commentaries on the Civil War), events of the
Civil War until immediately after Pompey's death in Egypt.
Other works historically attributed to Caesar, but whose authorship is doubted, are:
# De Bello Alexandrino (On the Alexandrine War), campaign in Alexandria;
# De Bello Africo (On the African War), campaigns in North Africa; and
# De Bello Hispaniensi (On the Hispanic War), campaigns in the Iberian peninsula. These
narratives, apparently simple and direct in style— to the point that Caesar's
Commentarii are commonly studied by first and second year Latin students— are highly
sophisticated advertisements for his political agenda, most particularly for the middle-
brow readership of minor aristocrats in Rome, Italy, and the provinces.
Military career
Historians place the generalship of Caesar as one of the greatest military strategists
and tacticians who ever lived, along with Alexander the Great, Sun Tzu, Hannibal,
Genghis Khan and Napoleon Bonaparte.
Name
Using the Latin alphabet as it existed in the day of Caesar (for example, without lower
case letters, "J", or "U"), Caesar's name is properly rendered "GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR". The
form "CAIVS" is also attested using the old Roman pronunciation of letter C as G; it's an
antique form of the more common "GAIVS". It is often seen abbreviated to "C. IVLIVS
CAESAR". (The letterform "Æ" is a ligature, which is often encountered in Latin
inscriptions where it was used to save space, and is nothing more than the letters "ae".)
In Classical Latin, it was . In the days of the late Roman Republic, many historical writings
were done in Greek, a language most educated Romans studied. Young wealthy
Roman boys were often taught by Greek slaves and sometimes sent to Athens for
advanced training, as was Caesar's principal assassin, Brutus. In Greek, during Caesar's
time, his family name was written Καίσαρ, reflecting its contemporary pronunciation.
Thus his name is pronounced in a similar way to the pronunciation of the German Kaiser.
This German name was phonemically but not phonetically derived from the Middle
Ages Ecclesiastical Latin, in which the familiar part "Caesar" is [ˈtʃeːsar], from which
the modern English pronunciation is derived, as well as the title of Czar.
His name is also remembered in Norse mythology, where he's manifested as the
legendary king Kjárr.
Family
Parents
# Father Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder
# Mother Aurelia (related to the Aurelia Cottae)
S
isters
# Julia Caesaris "Maior" (the elder)
# Julia Caesaris "Minor" (the younger)
Wives
# First marriage to Cornelia Cinnilla, from 83 BC until her death in childbirth in 69 or 68 BC
# Second marriage to Pompeia, from 67 BC until he divorced her around 61 BC
# Third marriage to Calpurnia Pisonis, from 59 BC until Caesar's death
Children
# Julia with Cornelia Cinnilla, born in 83 or 82 BC
# Caesarion, with Cleopatra VII, born 47 BC. He would become Pharaoh with the name
Ptolemy Caesar and was killed at age 17 by Caesar's adopted son Octavian
# Adopted: son, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (his great-nephew by blood), who later
became Emperor Augustus.
Grandchildren
# Grandson from Julia and Pompey, dead at several days, unnamed.
Lovers
# Cleopatra VII
# Servilia Caepionis mother of Brutus
# Eunoë, queen of Mauretania and wife of Bogudes
Notable relatives
# Gaius Marius (married to his Aunt Julia)
# Mark Antony
# Lucius Julius Caesar
# Julius Sabinus, a Gaul of the Lingones at the time of the Batavian rebellion of AD 69,
claimed to be the great-grandson of Caesar on the grounds that his great-
grandmother had been Caesar's lover during the Gallic war.
Chronology
Honours
Julius Caesar was voted the title Divus ("god") after his death.
During his life, he received many honours, including titles such as Pater Patriae (Father
of the Fatherland), Pontifex Maximus (Highest Priest), and Dictator. The many titles
bestowed on him by the Senate are sometimes cited as a cause of his assassination, as
it seemed inappropriate to many contemporaries for a mortal man to be awarded so
many honours.
As a young man he was awarded the Corona Civica (civic crown) for valour while
fighting in Asia Minor.
Caesar's cognomen would eventually become a title. The title became the German
Kaiser and Slavic Tsar/Czar. As the last tsar in nominal power was Simeon II of Bulgaria
whose reign ended in 1946; for two thousand years after Julius Caesar's assassination,
there was at least one head of state bearing his name. This title was greatly
promulgated by the Bible, for its famous verse "Render unto Caesar the things which are
Caesar’s, and unto God the things that are God’s".
Downloads, Unit Studies and Activities:
Early Rome & Julius Caesar, Unit Study for Early Learners
Famous Quotes PDF
Biography & Lesson Plans (Intermediate/Senior Learners)
How to Make Weapons out of sticks
How to Make a Roman Helmet - Step-by-Step Instructions
Historical Background & Timeline PDF
Roman Britain - For Early Learners
Julius Caesar Executive SummaryPDF
Download eBook The Life & Death of Julius Caesar by Shakespeare PDF
Download eBook History of Julius Caesar PDF
Download PDF Antony & Cleopatra by William Shakespeare
7 Roman Worksheets from the BBC
Roman Dress - Dress Up Doll PDF
Arts & Crafts in the Ancient Roman World PDF
Early Rome & Julius Caesar, Unit Study for Early Learners
Famous Quotes PDF
Biography & Lesson Plans (Intermediate/Senior Learners)
How to Make Weapons out of sticks
How to Make a Roman Helmet - Step-by-Step Instructions
Historical Background & Timeline PDF
Roman Britain - For Early Learners
Julius Caesar Executive SummaryPDF
Download eBook The Life & Death of Julius Caesar by Shakespeare PDF
Download eBook History of Julius Caesar PDF
Download PDF Antony & Cleopatra by William Shakespeare
7 Roman Worksheets from the BBC
Roman Dress - Dress Up Doll PDF
Arts & Crafts in the Ancient Roman World PDF