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Poster of the Haiti Earthquake of 12 January 2010 - Magnitude 7.0 JPG
Poster of the Haiti Earthquake of 12 January 2010 - Magnitude 7.0 PDF
Wikipedia
Totally Explained
A Child's View of Earthquake Facts and Feelings
USGS
Poster of the Haiti Earthquake of 12 January 2010 - Magnitude 7.0 JPG
Poster of the Haiti Earthquake of 12 January 2010 - Magnitude 7.0 PDF
Wikipedia
Totally Explained
A Child's View of Earthquake Facts and Feelings
USGS
For Parents/Educators you are very welcome to download any or all of our
Printable & Thematic Units and/or Lesson Plans for use in your homes,
homeschool, classroom or community centres. ►►Haiti Home Page.
Inspired by the French Revolution and principles of the rights of men, free
people of colour and slaves in Saint-Domingue and the French and West
Indies pressed for freedom and more civil rights. Most important was the
revolution of the slaves in Saint-Domingue, starting in the heavily African-
majority northern plains in 1791. In 1792 the French government sent three
commissioners with troops to try to reestablish control. They began to build
an alliance with the free people of colour who wanted more civil rights. In
1793, France and Great Britain went to war, and British troops invaded Saint-
Domingue. The execution of Louis XVI heightened tensions in the colony. To
build an alliance with the gens de couleur and slaves, the French
commissioners Sonthonax and Polverel abolished slavery in the colony. Six
months later, the National Convention led by the Jacobins endorsed
abolition and extended it to all the French colonies.
Toussaint l'Ouverture, a former slave and leader in the slave revolt—a man
who rose in importance as a military commander because of his many
skills—achieved peace in Saint-Domingue after years of war against both
external invaders and internal dissension. Having established a disciplined,
flexible army, l'Ouverture drove out not only the Spaniards but also the
British invaders who threatened the colony. He restored stability and
prosperity by daring measures which included inviting the return of planters
and insisting that freed men work on plantations to renew revenues for the
island. He also renewed trading ties with Great Britain and the United States.
In the uncertain years of revolution, the United States played both sides,
with traders supplying both the French and the rebels.
Independence
When the French government changed, new members of the national
legislature, lobbied by planters, began to rethink their decisions on colonial
slavery. After Toussaint l'Ouverture created a separatist constitution,
Napoleon Bonaparte sent an expedition of 20,000 men under the command
of his brother-in-law, General Charles Leclerc, to retake the island. Leclerc's
mission was to oust l'Ouverture and restore slavery. The French achieved
some victories, but within a few months, yellow fever had killed most of the
French soldiers. Leclerc invited Toussaint l'Ouverture to a parley, kidnapped
him and sent him to France, where he was imprisoned at Fort de Joux. He
died there in 1803 of exposure and tuberculosis or malnutrition and
pneumonia. In its attempt to retake the colony, France had lost more than
50,000 soldiers, including 18 generals.
Slaves, free gens du couleur and allies continued their fight for
independence after the French transported L'Ouverture to France.
The native leader Jean-Jacques Dessalines – long an ally and general of
Toussaint l'Ouverture – defeated French troops led by Donatien-Marie-
Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau, at the Battle of Vertières. At
the end of the double battle for emancipation and independence, former
slaves proclaimed the independence of Saint-Domingue on 1 January 1804,
[20] declaring the new nation be named Haïti, to honor one of the
indigenous Taíno names for the island. Haiti is the only nation born of a slave
revolt. Historians have estimated the slave rebellion resulted in the death
of 100,000 blacks and 24,000 of the 40,000 white colonists.
The revolution in Saint Domingue unleashed a massive multiracial exodus:
French Créole colonists fled with those slaves they still held, as did numerous
free people of colour, some of whom were slaveholders and also
transported slaves with them. In 1809, nearly 10,000 refugees from Saint-
Domingue arrived from Cuba, where they had first fled, to settle en masse in
New Orleans. They doubled that city’s population and helped preserve its
French language and culture for several generations. In addition, the newly
arrived slaves added to the city's African and multiracial culture.
Dessalines was proclaimed Emperor for life by his troops. He exiled or killed
the remaining whites and ruled as a despot. In the continuing competition
for power, he was assassinated on 17 October 1806. The country was
divided then between a kingdom in the north directed by Henri I, and a
republic in the south directed by Alexandre Pétion, an homme de couleur.
Henri I is best known for constructing the Citadelle Laferrière, the largest
fortress in the Western Hemisphere, to defend the island against the French.
In 1815 Simon Bolivar, the South American political leader who was
instrumental in Latin America's struggle for independence from Spain,
received military and financial assistance from Haiti, which was at the time
a young republic that had won its independence from France in the world's
first (and only) successful slave revolt. Bolivar had fled to Haiti after an
attempt had been made on his life in Jamaica, where he had unsuccessfully
sought support for his efforts. In 1817, on condition that Bolivar free any
enslaved people he encountered in his fight for South American
independence, Haiti provided Bolivar with soldiers, weapons and financial
assistance, which were critical in enabling him to liberate New Granada
(now Colombia), Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama and Peru.
Beginning in 1821, President Jean Pierre Boyer, also an homme de couleur
and successor to Pétion, managed to reunify the two parts of St. Domingue
and extend control over the western part of the island. In addition, after
Santo Domingo declared its independence from Spain, Boyer sent forces in
to take control. Boyer then ruled the entire island. Dominican historians
have portrayed the period of the Haitian occupation (1822–42) as cruel and
barbarous. During this time, however, Boyer also freed Santo Domingo's
slaves. During his presidency, Boyer tried to halt the downward trend of the
economy by passing the Code Rural. Its provisions sought to tie the peasant
labourers to plantation land by denying them the right to leave the land,
enter the towns, or start farms or shops of their own.
During his administration, Boyer's government negotiated with Loring D.
Dewey, an agent of the American Colonization Society (ACS), to encourage
free blacks from the United States (US) to emigrate to Haiti. They hoped to
gain people with skills to contribute to the independent nation. In the early
19th century, the ACS, an uneasy blend of abolitionists and slaveholders,
proposed resettlement of American free blacks to other countries, primarily
to a colony in Liberia, as a solution to problems of racism in the US. Starting
in September 1824, more than 6,000 American free blacks migrated to Haiti,
with transportation paid by the ACS. Due to the poverty and other difficult
conditions there, many returned to the US within a short time.
In July 1825, King Charles X of France sent a fleet of fourteen vessels and
thousands of troops to reconquer the island. Under pressure, President Boyer
agreed to a treaty by which France formally recognized the independence
of the nation in exchange for a payment of 150 million francs (the sum was
reduced in 1838 to 90 million francs) – an indemnity for profits lost from the
slave trade. French abolitionist Victor Schoelcher wrote, "Imposing an
indemnity on the victorious slaves was equivalent to making them pay with
money that which they had already paid with their blood."
After losing the support of Haiti's elite, Boyer was ousted in 1843. A long
succession of coups followed his departure to exile. In its 200-year history,
Haiti has suffered 32 coups; the instability of government and society has
hampered its progress. National authority was disputed by factions of the
army, the elite class, and the growing commercial class, increasingly made
up of numerous immigrant businessmen: Germans, Americans, French and
English. In 1912 Syrians residing in Haiti participated in a plot in which the
presidential palace was destroyed. On more than one occasion, French, U.
S., German and British forces claimed large sums of money from the vaults of
the National Bank of Haiti. Expatriates bankrolled and armed opposing
groups.
In addition, national governments intervened in Haitian affairs. For instance,
U.S. Marines supported a military revolt against the government in 1888. In
1892 the German government supported suppression of the reform
movement of Anténor Firmin. In January 1914, British, German and United
States forces entered Haiti, ostensibly to protect their citizens from civil
unrest.
History (new page)
Haitian Earthquake 2010 (new page
Since 1915
Printables & Downloads
Printable & Thematic Units and/or Lesson Plans for use in your homes,
homeschool, classroom or community centres. ►►Haiti Home Page.
Inspired by the French Revolution and principles of the rights of men, free
people of colour and slaves in Saint-Domingue and the French and West
Indies pressed for freedom and more civil rights. Most important was the
revolution of the slaves in Saint-Domingue, starting in the heavily African-
majority northern plains in 1791. In 1792 the French government sent three
commissioners with troops to try to reestablish control. They began to build
an alliance with the free people of colour who wanted more civil rights. In
1793, France and Great Britain went to war, and British troops invaded Saint-
Domingue. The execution of Louis XVI heightened tensions in the colony. To
build an alliance with the gens de couleur and slaves, the French
commissioners Sonthonax and Polverel abolished slavery in the colony. Six
months later, the National Convention led by the Jacobins endorsed
abolition and extended it to all the French colonies.
Toussaint l'Ouverture, a former slave and leader in the slave revolt—a man
who rose in importance as a military commander because of his many
skills—achieved peace in Saint-Domingue after years of war against both
external invaders and internal dissension. Having established a disciplined,
flexible army, l'Ouverture drove out not only the Spaniards but also the
British invaders who threatened the colony. He restored stability and
prosperity by daring measures which included inviting the return of planters
and insisting that freed men work on plantations to renew revenues for the
island. He also renewed trading ties with Great Britain and the United States.
In the uncertain years of revolution, the United States played both sides,
with traders supplying both the French and the rebels.
Independence
When the French government changed, new members of the national
legislature, lobbied by planters, began to rethink their decisions on colonial
slavery. After Toussaint l'Ouverture created a separatist constitution,
Napoleon Bonaparte sent an expedition of 20,000 men under the command
of his brother-in-law, General Charles Leclerc, to retake the island. Leclerc's
mission was to oust l'Ouverture and restore slavery. The French achieved
some victories, but within a few months, yellow fever had killed most of the
French soldiers. Leclerc invited Toussaint l'Ouverture to a parley, kidnapped
him and sent him to France, where he was imprisoned at Fort de Joux. He
died there in 1803 of exposure and tuberculosis or malnutrition and
pneumonia. In its attempt to retake the colony, France had lost more than
50,000 soldiers, including 18 generals.
Slaves, free gens du couleur and allies continued their fight for
independence after the French transported L'Ouverture to France.
The native leader Jean-Jacques Dessalines – long an ally and general of
Toussaint l'Ouverture – defeated French troops led by Donatien-Marie-
Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau, at the Battle of Vertières. At
the end of the double battle for emancipation and independence, former
slaves proclaimed the independence of Saint-Domingue on 1 January 1804,
[20] declaring the new nation be named Haïti, to honor one of the
indigenous Taíno names for the island. Haiti is the only nation born of a slave
revolt. Historians have estimated the slave rebellion resulted in the death
of 100,000 blacks and 24,000 of the 40,000 white colonists.
The revolution in Saint Domingue unleashed a massive multiracial exodus:
French Créole colonists fled with those slaves they still held, as did numerous
free people of colour, some of whom were slaveholders and also
transported slaves with them. In 1809, nearly 10,000 refugees from Saint-
Domingue arrived from Cuba, where they had first fled, to settle en masse in
New Orleans. They doubled that city’s population and helped preserve its
French language and culture for several generations. In addition, the newly
arrived slaves added to the city's African and multiracial culture.
Dessalines was proclaimed Emperor for life by his troops. He exiled or killed
the remaining whites and ruled as a despot. In the continuing competition
for power, he was assassinated on 17 October 1806. The country was
divided then between a kingdom in the north directed by Henri I, and a
republic in the south directed by Alexandre Pétion, an homme de couleur.
Henri I is best known for constructing the Citadelle Laferrière, the largest
fortress in the Western Hemisphere, to defend the island against the French.
In 1815 Simon Bolivar, the South American political leader who was
instrumental in Latin America's struggle for independence from Spain,
received military and financial assistance from Haiti, which was at the time
a young republic that had won its independence from France in the world's
first (and only) successful slave revolt. Bolivar had fled to Haiti after an
attempt had been made on his life in Jamaica, where he had unsuccessfully
sought support for his efforts. In 1817, on condition that Bolivar free any
enslaved people he encountered in his fight for South American
independence, Haiti provided Bolivar with soldiers, weapons and financial
assistance, which were critical in enabling him to liberate New Granada
(now Colombia), Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama and Peru.
Beginning in 1821, President Jean Pierre Boyer, also an homme de couleur
and successor to Pétion, managed to reunify the two parts of St. Domingue
and extend control over the western part of the island. In addition, after
Santo Domingo declared its independence from Spain, Boyer sent forces in
to take control. Boyer then ruled the entire island. Dominican historians
have portrayed the period of the Haitian occupation (1822–42) as cruel and
barbarous. During this time, however, Boyer also freed Santo Domingo's
slaves. During his presidency, Boyer tried to halt the downward trend of the
economy by passing the Code Rural. Its provisions sought to tie the peasant
labourers to plantation land by denying them the right to leave the land,
enter the towns, or start farms or shops of their own.
During his administration, Boyer's government negotiated with Loring D.
Dewey, an agent of the American Colonization Society (ACS), to encourage
free blacks from the United States (US) to emigrate to Haiti. They hoped to
gain people with skills to contribute to the independent nation. In the early
19th century, the ACS, an uneasy blend of abolitionists and slaveholders,
proposed resettlement of American free blacks to other countries, primarily
to a colony in Liberia, as a solution to problems of racism in the US. Starting
in September 1824, more than 6,000 American free blacks migrated to Haiti,
with transportation paid by the ACS. Due to the poverty and other difficult
conditions there, many returned to the US within a short time.
In July 1825, King Charles X of France sent a fleet of fourteen vessels and
thousands of troops to reconquer the island. Under pressure, President Boyer
agreed to a treaty by which France formally recognized the independence
of the nation in exchange for a payment of 150 million francs (the sum was
reduced in 1838 to 90 million francs) – an indemnity for profits lost from the
slave trade. French abolitionist Victor Schoelcher wrote, "Imposing an
indemnity on the victorious slaves was equivalent to making them pay with
money that which they had already paid with their blood."
After losing the support of Haiti's elite, Boyer was ousted in 1843. A long
succession of coups followed his departure to exile. In its 200-year history,
Haiti has suffered 32 coups; the instability of government and society has
hampered its progress. National authority was disputed by factions of the
army, the elite class, and the growing commercial class, increasingly made
up of numerous immigrant businessmen: Germans, Americans, French and
English. In 1912 Syrians residing in Haiti participated in a plot in which the
presidential palace was destroyed. On more than one occasion, French, U.
S., German and British forces claimed large sums of money from the vaults of
the National Bank of Haiti. Expatriates bankrolled and armed opposing
groups.
In addition, national governments intervened in Haitian affairs. For instance,
U.S. Marines supported a military revolt against the government in 1888. In
1892 the German government supported suppression of the reform
movement of Anténor Firmin. In January 1914, British, German and United
States forces entered Haiti, ostensibly to protect their citizens from civil
unrest.
History (new page)
Haitian Earthquake 2010 (new page
Since 1915
Printables & Downloads
| Haiti Haitian Revolution |