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| Booker T Washington |
Washington, Booker Taliaferro, 1856–1915, American educator, b. Franklin co., Va.
His mother was a mulatto slave on a plantation, his father a white man. After the Civil
War, he worked in salt furnaces and coal mines in Malden, W.Va., and attended school
part time, until he was able to enter the Hampton Institute (Va.). Washington was born
into slavery to Jane, an enslaved African American woman on the Burroughs Plantation
in southwest Virginia. He knew little about his white father. His family gained freedom in
1865 as the Civil War ended.
After working in salt furnaces and coal mines in West Virginia for several years,
Washington made his way east to Hampton Institute, established to educate freedmen.
There, he worked his way through his studies and later attended Wayland Seminary to
complete preparation as an instructor. In 1881, Hampton president Samuel C.
Armstrong recommended Washington to become the first leader of Tuskegee Institute,
the new normal school (teachers' college) in Alabama. He headed what became
Tuskegee University for the rest of his life.
Washington was the dominant figure in the African-American community in the United
States from 1890 to 1915, especially after he achieved prominence for his "Atlanta
Address of 1895". To many politicians and the public in general, he was seen as a
popular spokesman for African-American citizens. Representing the last generation of
black leaders born into slavery, Washington was generally perceived as a credible
proponent of education for freedmen in the post-Reconstruction, Jim Crow South.
Throughout the final 20 years of his life, he maintained his standing through a
nationwide network of core supporters in many communities, including black
educators, ministers, editors and businessmen, especially those who were liberal-
thinking on social and educational issues. He gained access to top national leaders in
politics, philanthropy and education, and was awarded honorary degrees. Critics called
his network of supporters the "Tuskegee Machine."
Late in his career, Washington was criticized by leaders of the NAACP, which was
formed in 1909. W.E.B. Du Bois especially looked for a harder line on activism to
achieve civil rights. He labeled Washington "the Great Accommodator". Washington's
response was that confrontation could lead to disaster for the outnumbered blacks. He
believed that cooperation with supportive whites was the only way in the long run to
overcome pervasive racism. Washington secretly contributed substantially to legal
challenges of segregation and disfranchisement of blacks. In his public role, he
believed he could achieve more by skillful accommodation to the social realities of the
age of segregation.
Washington clearly had his eyes on a better future for blacks. Through his own
personal experience, Washington knew that good education was a powerful tool for
individuals to collectively accomplish that better future.
Washington's philosophy and tireless work on education issues helped him enlist both
the moral and substantial financial support of many major white philanthropists. He
became friends with such self-made men as Standard Oil magnate Henry Huttleston
Rogers; Sears, Roebuck and Company President Julius Rosenwald; and George
Eastman, inventor and founder of Kodak. These individuals and many other wealthy
men and women funded his causes, such as supporting Hampton and Tuskegee
institutes. Each school was originally founded to produce teachers. However,
graduates had often gone back to their local communities only to find precious few
schools and educational resources to work with in the largely impoverished South.
To address those needs, Washington enlisted his philanthropic network in matching
funds programs to stimulate construction of numerous rural public schools for black
children in the South. Together, these efforts eventually established and operated over
5,000 schools and supporting resources for the betterment of blacks throughout the
South in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The local schools were a source of
much community pride and were of priceless value to African-American families when
poverty and segregation limited their children's chances. A major part of Washington's
legacy, the number of model rural schools increased with matching funds from the
Rosenwald Fund into the 1930s.
Washington did much to improve the overall friendship and working relationship
between the races in the United States. His autobiography, Up From Slavery, first
published in 1901, is still widely read today.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T_Washington
His mother was a mulatto slave on a plantation, his father a white man. After the Civil
War, he worked in salt furnaces and coal mines in Malden, W.Va., and attended school
part time, until he was able to enter the Hampton Institute (Va.). Washington was born
into slavery to Jane, an enslaved African American woman on the Burroughs Plantation
in southwest Virginia. He knew little about his white father. His family gained freedom in
1865 as the Civil War ended.
After working in salt furnaces and coal mines in West Virginia for several years,
Washington made his way east to Hampton Institute, established to educate freedmen.
There, he worked his way through his studies and later attended Wayland Seminary to
complete preparation as an instructor. In 1881, Hampton president Samuel C.
Armstrong recommended Washington to become the first leader of Tuskegee Institute,
the new normal school (teachers' college) in Alabama. He headed what became
Tuskegee University for the rest of his life.
Washington was the dominant figure in the African-American community in the United
States from 1890 to 1915, especially after he achieved prominence for his "Atlanta
Address of 1895". To many politicians and the public in general, he was seen as a
popular spokesman for African-American citizens. Representing the last generation of
black leaders born into slavery, Washington was generally perceived as a credible
proponent of education for freedmen in the post-Reconstruction, Jim Crow South.
Throughout the final 20 years of his life, he maintained his standing through a
nationwide network of core supporters in many communities, including black
educators, ministers, editors and businessmen, especially those who were liberal-
thinking on social and educational issues. He gained access to top national leaders in
politics, philanthropy and education, and was awarded honorary degrees. Critics called
his network of supporters the "Tuskegee Machine."
Late in his career, Washington was criticized by leaders of the NAACP, which was
formed in 1909. W.E.B. Du Bois especially looked for a harder line on activism to
achieve civil rights. He labeled Washington "the Great Accommodator". Washington's
response was that confrontation could lead to disaster for the outnumbered blacks. He
believed that cooperation with supportive whites was the only way in the long run to
overcome pervasive racism. Washington secretly contributed substantially to legal
challenges of segregation and disfranchisement of blacks. In his public role, he
believed he could achieve more by skillful accommodation to the social realities of the
age of segregation.
Washington clearly had his eyes on a better future for blacks. Through his own
personal experience, Washington knew that good education was a powerful tool for
individuals to collectively accomplish that better future.
Washington's philosophy and tireless work on education issues helped him enlist both
the moral and substantial financial support of many major white philanthropists. He
became friends with such self-made men as Standard Oil magnate Henry Huttleston
Rogers; Sears, Roebuck and Company President Julius Rosenwald; and George
Eastman, inventor and founder of Kodak. These individuals and many other wealthy
men and women funded his causes, such as supporting Hampton and Tuskegee
institutes. Each school was originally founded to produce teachers. However,
graduates had often gone back to their local communities only to find precious few
schools and educational resources to work with in the largely impoverished South.
To address those needs, Washington enlisted his philanthropic network in matching
funds programs to stimulate construction of numerous rural public schools for black
children in the South. Together, these efforts eventually established and operated over
5,000 schools and supporting resources for the betterment of blacks throughout the
South in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The local schools were a source of
much community pride and were of priceless value to African-American families when
poverty and segregation limited their children's chances. A major part of Washington's
legacy, the number of model rural schools increased with matching funds from the
Rosenwald Fund into the 1930s.
Washington did much to improve the overall friendship and working relationship
between the races in the United States. His autobiography, Up From Slavery, first
published in 1901, is still widely read today.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T_Washington
Printables in PDF format:
Up From Slavery : An Autobiography by Booker T Washington
The Future of the American Negro
A Negro Explorer At The North Pole with an Introduction by BR Washington
Shadow & Light - An Autobiography with an Introduction by BT Washington
The Negro Problem eBook by Booker T Washington
Booker T Washington Bio
Downloads:
Source: Case of the Negro & Awakening of the Negro by Booker T. Washington
Download unabridged MP3 versions
Case of the Negro by Booker T Washington MP3 7.2 MB
Awakening of the Negro by Booker T Washington MP3 4.3 MB
Up From Slavery : An Autobiography by Booker T Washington
The Future of the American Negro
A Negro Explorer At The North Pole with an Introduction by BR Washington
Shadow & Light - An Autobiography with an Introduction by BT Washington
The Negro Problem eBook by Booker T Washington
Booker T Washington Bio
Downloads:
Source: Case of the Negro & Awakening of the Negro by Booker T. Washington
Download unabridged MP3 versions
Case of the Negro by Booker T Washington MP3 7.2 MB
Awakening of the Negro by Booker T Washington MP3 4.3 MB